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Is incremental design the wave of the future?

by Alan Cooper on February 17, 2009

An old friend and former client — let's call him "Paul L." — sent me an email question the other day, asking “Is incremental design the wave of the future, or just a flash in the pan?”

When I finished my response, I thought that it might be of interest to a wider audience. Here is the exchange.

Alan,

My wife teaches computer science at Menlo College. She has been teaching software engineering based upon the traditional cycle of specification, design, development, testing.

I have seen some Research Channel TV shows that talk about Incremental design. Google and Inuit are two companies that seem to be having some success with ID.

My wife and I have been talking about ID as compared to the traditional methods. During the discussion I thought about my friend, the Design Guru. I am wondering if you have any thoughts on ID. Is it the wave of the future or just another flash in the pan?

Thanks,
Paul

Paul,

As agile methods take over the programming world (and they will), EVERYONE else will adjust accordingly. The old paradigm of everyone hunkering down and protecting their turf from everyone else is what gave rise to the "traditional cycle" (which is, by the way, uniquely ill-suited to software construction and design).

The new (agile) paradigm isn't at all defined yet, but it characteristically includes a) Generation Y programmers; b) a refreshing belief in the potential for change; c) the understanding that satisfying human users requires special efforts and probably special skills; d) a belief that software should be built in continuous increments; e) a corresponding belief that everything else in the world relating to software would benefit from such continuous increments; f) that building software is a team endeavor; and g) that nobody has solved these problems before.

It's very reminiscent of the way I felt in 1976. At that time, all computers were multi-million-dollar affairs, residing in specialized corporate bunkers, owned only by large corporations, and used to perform operational business functions. I, on the other hand, had just purchased my first computer.

It was a 1MHz, 8-bit microcomputer with 8" floppy drives and 64K of memory. All of the then-current assumptions about software development, creation and use were marked for death as we Boomer Generation programmers began to invert the dominant paradigm.

Within 15 years, we had utterly changed every aspect of software and computing, and today's agile, Web 2.0, open source, Gen Y programmers will do the same, only faster.

Interestingly, the changes we wrought were almost all bottom-up. The only influence large corporations had on the great microcomputer software revolution were to obfuscate and delay it. And, of course, the reason why we study history is so that we can chuckle at the irony of its inevitable repetition. Today's changes are also coming up from the bottom, and big companies are doing little to help and much to hinder.

Thanks,
Alan

Filed under: Agile, Design in organizations


Comments

On Feb 17, 2009, Jennifer Quigley said:

Another advantage to incremental design is the ability to show constant, real progress to investors, which is very important if you are working with start-ups in today's questionable economy.

I've seen investor support become shaky, or tense in cases where they have to wait significant periods of time before seeing exactly where their money is going. It can be very rough if management makes planning changes that are not communicated outside of product creation teams. There is also a period of user adoption, that can begin its course earlier (as appropriate) and grow throughout instead of hoping all goes well, and fast enough, when the product reaches the totality of vision.

On Feb 18, 2009, Curtis Hart said:

We are using agile in a government project and it’s working well for us. Our product owners are seeing results at the end of each sprint and making course corrections for the proceeding sprints. We are also using automated testing to insure that new development works with existing code.

We are also getting better business requirements. We create our story documents 1-2 weeks before development and use a scaled back approach to function. Once user see the story working in the system, we can target hi-value requirements.

Working in a government setting, we do have the constraints of a fixed length of time, budget and deliverables. This is not to say we should have a “here is the money, do anything you want” type contract but the “fixed deliverables” are constantly an issue as we are balancing what the contract requires and what the user goal set is.

On Feb 18, 2009, Austin Henderson said:

I think we should give credit where credit is due: Large corporations like Xerox and IBM and DEC and ... were central in that they established and maintained the research labs that created many of the upsetting concepts that in time changed the world. Once the new concepts were created, the corporations tended to fight them, not because they were bad, but because they were different enough that they required change. Interesting, since that was what the corporations were funding their research to provide. But not surprising: change is hard, particularly in big organizations. What seems particularly odd to me is that corporations leave the change to others (like the HR departments) rather than addressing them head-on as important research topics in their own right.

On Feb 18, 2009, Doug LeMoine said:

@Austin: Interesting point. I'm intrigued by the perspective that corporations tend to change by adjusting the criteria with which they attract new candidates rather than doing the harder things: Restructuring, reorganizing, etc. I don't doubt that this happens, and I wonder about its efficacy. Is it easier to remodel yourself by injecting new people, or by reorganizing existing folks? Does anyone have anecdotes to share in this vein?

Incidentally, I just read an interview with the head of a Chinese investment bank, and he basically says that the astronomical salaries of investment banking jobs are partially to blame for the rise of exotic derivatives as they "distort the resources of the country." Instead of going into science or engineering, he says, "you have all these clever people going into financial engineering, where they come up with all these complicated products to sell to people." It's related in a sort of macroeconomic sense to your point, maybe.

http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200812/fallows-chinese-banker

On Feb 21, 2009, William Leong said:

While I agree with many of the characteristics typically associated with the Agile paradigm, I don't understand why you included age (Gen-Y) as a function of this "new" wave of thinking. When I look across the spectrum of Agile practitioners, I don't necessary perceive an age distinction. Would you explain why this was the first point on your list?

On Feb 23, 2009, Rémy Rakic said:

I remember a joint interview between you and kent beck (circa 2002). IIRC it seemed like you were both disagreeing on this specific issue. It's interesting to see your point of view has evolved since then.

On Feb 23, 2009, Alan Cooper said:

Rémy,
Agile is *NOT* the same thing as Beck's XP, even though they share many coding techniques.

On Feb 23, 2009, Rémy Rakic said:

I know I know :)

I was specifically talking about incremental design, which i feel is the right path to follow too.

I'm sure in the coming years the whole process will be even refined, to successfull design/code interaction and integration, to have the best of both worlds.

It could end up being a really good competitive advantage - especially important with the current economic context.

 

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